Midwives' perceptions of and attitudes towards prevention of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV

Background: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV services has become an integral part of antenatal services. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission was introduced in all the regions of Ghana, but mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) continued to increase. Objectives: To explore and describe midwives' perceptions and attitudes towards PMTCT of HIV services. Method: Quantitative research approach and descriptive cross-sectional design were used. The population includes all midwives between the ages of 21 and 60 years who work in antenatal care (ANC) clinics in 11 district hospitals in the Central Region of Ghana where the study was conducted. Forty-eight midwives were interviewed using a census sample process. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Correlation analysis was performed to find the relationships between the attitudes and the perceptions of the midwives on PMTCT of HIV services. Results: Seventy percent of midwives had positive perceptions of PMTCT of HIV services and 85% had positive attitudes towards the provision of PMTCT of HIV services. Midwives were screening all pregnant women who visited the ANCs and referring those who tested positive to other institutions where they can be monitored. Some of the concerns considered were views on retesting HIV-infected pregnant women throughout their pregnancy. There was a positive correlation between attitudes and perceptions of midwives on PMTCT of HIV services. Conclusion: Midwives had positive perceptions and positive attitudes towards the PMTCT of HIV services that they were providing to antenatal attendees. Also, as the attitudes of the midwives towards PMTCT of HIV services improved, their perceptions of PMTCT services also improved. Contribution: Decentralisation of PMTCT of HIV services to community-based health facilities is appropriate to enable sub-district health facilities to test for HIV and provide counselling services to pregnant women.

Birth weight of infants born to pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus and its associated factors / 中华传染病杂志

Objective:To investigate the birth weight (BW) of infants born to pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its associated factors, and to provide more evidence for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) in China.Methods:This study was a retrospective cohort study. Between January 2004 and December 2021, pregnant women living with HIV and their infants in Hubei Province were recruited and followed up, and clinical data were collected through hospital medical records and HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome comprehensive response information management system. The multivariable linear regression was performed on the collected data to investigate associated influencing factors of BW.Results:In total, 531 pregnant women living with HIV (581 pregnancies) and 581 infants were enrolled. Of the 581 infants, 36 were HIV-positive, with a PMTCT rate of 6.2%. The mean BW of the infants was (3 075.0±470.2) gram. Protease inhibitor (PI) based-anti-retroviral therapy (ART) ( β=-0.1, 95% confidence interval ( CI)-188.2 to -37.1, P=0.004), ART in the first trimester( β=-0.1, 95% CI -201.9 to -65.5, P<0.001), infant HIV infection ( β=-0.1, 95% CI -310.4 to -68.2, P=0.002), hepatitis C virus infection ( β=0.1, 95% CI 71.2 to 410.4, P=0.005) and gestational age ( β=0.6, 95% CI 155.9 to 191.5, P<0.001) were associated with decreased BW. Conclusions:While improving the effectiveness of PMTCT for HIV, more attention should be paid to pregnant women who received ART in the first trimester and PI-based ART for preventing lower BW and improving maternal and infantile health.

Effects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive Mothers Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy to Prevent Mother-to-child Transmission on the Growth and Development of 18-month-old Children in Lingshan County of Guangxi / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To evaluate the effects of antiretroviral therapy(ART)for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission(PMTCT)of acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)on the growth and development of 18-month-old children born by human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive pregnant women in Lingshan County,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,and provide scientific evidence for improving the ART medication plan for PMTCT.Methods Lingshan County,ranking the first in the HIV-epidemic counties of Guangxi,was selected as the research site.According to the design of retrospective case-control study,we assigned all the subjects into the case group and the control group:(1)The case group included the HIV-positive pregnant women who had received ART for PMTCT and their HIV-negative infants in Lingshan County from 2010 to 2017.The historical cards and PMTCT data of them were collected from the national PMTCT database.(2)The control group included the healthy pregnant women and their healthy babies born in the Lingshan Maternity and Infant Hospital in 2017,and the children's growth and development data were collected.The stunted growth in children was defined as at least one of the three main indicators of body height,body weight,and head circumference below the normal range.Results The number of HIV-positive mothers and their infants in the case group was 391 and 368,respectively,and 87.21%(341/391)and 95.38%(351/368)of mothers and infants respectively received ART medication.The HIV positive rate,mortality rate,and mother-to-child transmission rate of 18-month-old children were 1.36%(5/368),4.35%(16/368),and 2.01%(5/249),respectively.The incidence of stunted growth of 18-month-old children in the case group and the control group was 42.12%(155/368)and 23.06%(101/438),respectively,with significant difference(

Knowledge, attitude and practice among private medical professionals enrolled in public private partnership program for prevention of mother to child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in three districts of Karnataka

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is one of the world’s most serious public health challenges. Nearly all young children newly infected with HIV are infected through mother-to-child transmission. Only about half of the HIV infected mothers received ART and quarter of the babies born through HIV infected mothers receive ARV prophylaxis. This low coverage due to a high proportion of women delivering in private health facilities. Lack of policy for the private sector, inadequate knowledge and fear of occupational exposure are some barriers.Methods: A cross sectional study conducted among private practitioners enrolled in parent to child transmission (PPTCT) program in three districts of Karnataka. 175 obstetricians and pediatricians engaged in giving care to HIV infected mother and children were selected randomly and were interviewed using a pre tested semi structured questionnaire and the scores were graded.Results: Mean age of the participants was 38.95 years with SD of 9.12 years. The mean years of experience was found to be 14.36 years with SD of 6.45 years. The knowledge was average scoring 66.56%. The attitude and practice were 69.21% and 64.21% respectively. The mean score for KAP was 28.89 (9.56) out of 43 questions. There was significant association between age of the participants, specialization and years of experience with scoring.Conclusions: The knowledge, attitude and practice among private practitioners were average. To enhance the coverage of PMTCT, there is a need for strengthening private sector with strong political will thus reducing morbidity and mortality of the disease.

Effectiveness and associated factors of prevention for mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus transmission in 536 human immunodeficiency virus-positive pregnant women in Hubei Province / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and associated factors of prevention of motherto-child human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in Hubei Province,and to provide a reference for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.Methods In this prospective cohort study,HIV-positive pregnant women who were in some counties and cities of Hubei Province from January 2004 to December 2016 were enrolled.Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV was conducted for these HIV-positive pregnant women and their infants,and their clinical data were collected.Descriptive analysis and x2 test were used to analyze the general characteristics of HIV-positive pregnant women and their infants.Logistic regression analysis was adopted to explore the associated factors of mother-to-child HIV transmission.Results In total,536 HIV-positive pregnant women (628 pregnancies) were found,among which,334 pregnant women and 345 infants were enrolled in this study.Twenty-four infants were HIV-positive,which was 6.96％ in all infants (95％CI:4.27％-9.64％).The rates of mother-to-child HIV transmission without prevention,formula feeding only,infant medication plus formula feeding,mother and infant medication plus formula feeding were 35.71％ (95％CI:21.61％-51.93％),8.82％ (95％CI:2.08％-15.57％),7.41％ (95％CI:0.92％-24.22％),and0.48％ (95％CI:0.01％-2.64％),respectively.No antiretroviral medications during delivery (OR =14.484,95 ％CI:1.740-120.577,P=0.013),breastfeeding (OR=6.542,95％CI:2.416-17.713,P=0.000),and CD4-T lymphocyte count＜200 cells/μL during delivery (OR=3.060,95％CI:1.076-8.703,P=0.036) were independent risk factors of mother-to-child HIV transmission.Conclusions The rate of mother-to-child HIV transmission without prevention is high in Hubei Province,which can be significantly reduced by comprehensive interventions (mother and infant medication plus formula feeding).Thus,we should diagnose HIV-positive pregnant women as early as possible,and should give pregnant woman antiretroviral therapy plus infant medication and formula feeding to further reduce the rate of mother-to-child HIV transmission.

Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis on strategy for preventing mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective Through cost-benefit analysis (CBA),cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and quantitative optimization analysis to understand the economic benefit and outcomes of strategy regarding preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) on hepatitis B virus.Methods Based on the principle of Hepatitis B immunization decision analytic-Markov model,strategies on PMTCT and universal vaccination were compared.Related parameters of Shenzhen were introduced to the model,a birth cohort was set up as the study population in 2013.The net present value (NPV),benefit-cost ratio (BCR),incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were calculated and the differences between CBA and CEA were compared.Results A decision tree was built as the decision analysis model for hepatitis B immunization.Three kinds of Markov models were used to simulate the outcomes after the implementation of vaccination program.The PMTCT strategy of Shenzhen showed a net-gain as 38 097.51 Yuan/per person in 2013,with BCR as 14.37.The universal vaccination strategy showed a net-gain as 37 083.03 Yuan/per person,with BCR as 12.07.Data showed that the PMTCT strategy was better than the universal vaccination one and would end with gaining more economic benefit.When comparing with the universal vaccination program,the PMTCT strategy would save 85 100.00 Yuan more on QALY gains for every person.The PMTCT strategy seemed more cost-effective compared with the one under universal vaccination program.In the CBA and CEA hepatitis B immunization programs,the immunization coverage rate and costs of hepatitis B related diseases were the most important influencing factors.Outcomes of joint-changes of all the parameters in CEA showed that PMTCT strategy was a more cost-effective.Conclusions The PMTCT strategy gained more economic benefit and effects on health.However,the cost of PMTCT strategy was more than the universal vaccination program,thus it is important to pay attention to the process of PMTCT strategy and the universal vaccination program.CBA seemed suitable for strategy optimization while CEA was better for strategy evaluation.Hopefully,programs as combination of the above said two methods would facilitate the process of economic evaluation.

Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis on strategy for preventing mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective Through cost-benefit analysis (CBA),cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and quantitative optimization analysis to understand the economic benefit and outcomes of strategy regarding preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) on hepatitis B virus.Methods Based on the principle of Hepatitis B immunization decision analytic-Markov model,strategies on PMTCT and universal vaccination were compared.Related parameters of Shenzhen were introduced to the model,a birth cohort was set up as the study population in 2013.The net present value (NPV),benefit-cost ratio (BCR),incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were calculated and the differences between CBA and CEA were compared.Results A decision tree was built as the decision analysis model for hepatitis B immunization.Three kinds of Markov models were used to simulate the outcomes after the implementation of vaccination program.The PMTCT strategy of Shenzhen showed a net-gain as 38 097.51 Yuan/per person in 2013,with BCR as 14.37.The universal vaccination strategy showed a net-gain as 37 083.03 Yuan/per person,with BCR as 12.07.Data showed that the PMTCT strategy was better than the universal vaccination one and would end with gaining more economic benefit.When comparing with the universal vaccination program,the PMTCT strategy would save 85 100.00 Yuan more on QALY gains for every person.The PMTCT strategy seemed more cost-effective compared with the one under universal vaccination program.In the CBA and CEA hepatitis B immunization programs,the immunization coverage rate and costs of hepatitis B related diseases were the most important influencing factors.Outcomes of joint-changes of all the parameters in CEA showed that PMTCT strategy was a more cost-effective.Conclusions The PMTCT strategy gained more economic benefit and effects on health.However,the cost of PMTCT strategy was more than the universal vaccination program,thus it is important to pay attention to the process of PMTCT strategy and the universal vaccination program.CBA seemed suitable for strategy optimization while CEA was better for strategy evaluation.Hopefully,programs as combination of the above said two methods would facilitate the process of economic evaluation.

Knowledge and Attitude on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Kisii Level Five Hospital in Kisii County, Kenya.

Introduction: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is the greatest challenge to human kind in the 21st century. Over 35.5 million people are infected with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide and the majority of these infections are in the reproductive age group. Mother to Child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV infections is high especially in sub- Saharan Africa despite improvements in PMTCT services over the years. In 2006 there were 2.3 million children under 15 years living with HIV, and approximately 530,000 children were newly infected with HIV through mother to child transmission of the virus. A child dies of AIDS nearly every minute of every day. Objective: To assess knowledge and attitude on prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Kisii general hospital. Methodology: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care clinic at Kisii general hospital from February to April, 2014. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the 328 respondents. Data were collected through structured pre-tested questionnaire. The data were then summarized into SPSS version 20.0, for windows and analyzed. Chi-square was used to calculate the association between, education, Occupation and age against knowledge on prevention of mother to child transmission. Findings: The findings from the study showed that there was an association between the knowledge on PMTCT and Occupation (P = 0.05). A big number (52%) of the mothers did not know about PMTCT services which were being offered in the hospital. The study showed that the knowledge on PMTCT was associated to the age (P = 0.02). It was noted that respondents who had little or no knowledge of the services were mostly below 25 years of age and those with low education levels (P = 0,01). On the attitude towards PMTCT services it was found that threequarters (77%) reported that it is good to take on PMTCT services if reactive and quarter (23%) of respondents reported that PMTCT services are wastage of time because AIDS has no cure. Challenges that affect the PMTCT program include stigma still surrounding HIV and AIDS as a disease, which has led to 210 (64%) of the mothers not willing to know their status. Conclusion: The utilization of the PMTCT services were affected by the low levels of HIV testing. The insufficient knowledge on PMTCT coupled with the negative attitude towards HIV testing, fear and stigma towards HIV and AIDS contributed to the low utilization of PMTCT services in Kisii level 5 Hospital in Kisii County. Recommendation: The study recommends working in collaboration with all stakeholders to improve and increase on the sensitization and awareness to the communities on what PMTCT program is all about and what it entails. There is need to do a qualitative study to find out if the information given during counseling is enough and useful to pregnant women and to see if more counseling session are needed for pregnant women during antenatal visits.

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission in pregnant women with AIDS in Laibin City / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the application of prevention technique for mother‐to‐child transmission of human immunode‐ficiency virus(HIV) in Laibin City .Methods Prevention techniques for mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV were applicated in the city .Women in pregnancy test received acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS) counseling and test at the same time .Measures were taken to prevent the mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV for women who confirmed HIV positive ,including the use of antiret‐roviral drugs ,safety midwifery and feeding guidance ,and so on .Results The average HIV counseling and testing rate was 99 .1%(176 001/177 738) for the past 5 years .269 cases were HIV positive ,and the positive rate was 0 .15% (269/176 001) .Via health advisory guidance ,pregnant women diagnosed with AIDS understood the dangers of AIDS and the mode of its transmission ,and then free to chose weather to have the pregnancy terminated .Finally ,there were 67 pregnant women chose to terminate the preg‐nancy ,and 202 women decided to have children who were included in the prevention management system of mother‐to‐child trans‐mission .202 infants were born alive ,192 of which took full amount of antiretroviral drugs .The medication rate was 95 .05% (192/202) .42 d and 3 months after birth ,early diagnosis of HIV/AIDS was performed for the infants ,the positive rate of HIV was 0 .50% (1/202) .There were 118 infants at least 18‐months‐old who had underwent HIV test and no positive case was detected . Conclusion AIDS counseling tests in pregnancy test women is necessary ,which could detect HIV positive women .Comprehensive measures are effective methods for the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission .

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus:controversies and focuses of current strategies / 临床肝胆病杂志

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT)is an important way of hepatitis B virus (HBV)transmission.Blocking the HBV MTCT has a great significance for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B.This article reviews the current blocking strategies implemented in the antepar-tum,peripartum,and postpartum stages,and summarizes the controversies existing in the blocking strategies in different stages.The significance of HBV occult infection and germ cell transmission in the HBV MTCT is analyzed.The results indicate that the current strategies for the prevention of hepatitis B MTCT need further improvement.Attentions should be focused on HBV occult infection and germ cell transmission.

Study of different intervention time of HAART in PMTCT of the blocking effect / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the HAART in PMTCT different intervention time of blocking effect. Methods 49 cases who received out -patient examination and hospital delivery of HIV positive pregnant women were selected,the intervention time pregnant 14 weeks,pregnant 28 weeks.The patients were divided into three groups,group A (n =20),group B (n =19),group C (n =10).The safe delivery,the newborn 50 out of 18 months of tracking and detection,and the results were analyzed.Results Three groups of antiviral HIV infected maternal immune status (P >0.05 ),antiviral CD +4 cell number variation had no statistical significance (P >0.05 ),the blocking effect was A group of infants 0 infection.In group B,1 cases of infant infection.Group C 2 cases of infant infection.Compared between group A and group B,the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 =0.97,P >0.05),compared between group B and group C,the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 =1.40,P >0.05). Compared between group A and group C,the difference had statistical significance (χ2 =4.08,P <0.05 ). Conclusion HAART for blocking HIV mother to child transmission effect is very significant,if in 14 weeks pregnant initiation of HAART,the infant HIV infection rate is lower,recommended the early antiviral treatment and after childbirth to strengthen follow -up and management.

Incidence of antiretroviral adverse drug reactions in pregnant women in two referral centers for HIV prevention of mother-to-child-transmission care and research in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains an important cause of new HIV infections worldwide, especially in low and middle-resource limited countries. Safety data from studies involving pregnant women and prenatal antiretroviral (ARV) exposure are still needed once these studies are often small and with a limited duration to assess adverse drug reactions (ADR). The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of ADR related to the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pregnant women in two referral centers in Rio de Janeiro State. A prospective study was carried out from February 2005 to May 2006. Women were classified according to their ART status during pregnancy diagnosis: ARV-experienced (ARTexp) or ARV-naïve (ARTn). Two hundred fourteen HIV-infected pregnant women were included: 36 ARTexp and 178 ARTn. ARTexp women have not experienced ADR. Among ARTn, 20.2% presented ADR. Incidence rate of ADR was 70.8 per 1000 person-months and the most common ADRs observed were: gastrointestinal (belly or abdominal cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomit) in 16.3%, cutaneous (pruritus and rash) in 6.2%, anemia (2.2%) and hepatitis (1.7%). The frequency of obstetrical complications, pre-term delivery, low birth weight and birth abnormalities was low in this population. ADRs ranged from mild to moderate intensity, none of them being potentially fatal. Only in a few cases it was necessary to discontinue ART. In conclusion, the high effectiveness of ARV for HIV prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) overcomes the risk of ADR.

Pregnancy, delivery mode, and infant feeding among HIV-infected women in China: A meta-analysis / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To know about the ongoing pregnancy rate, cesarean section rate of HIV-infected pregnant women and formula feeding rate of their infants in China during 2003-2011. Methods: Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), Wanfang Database (WF) and Chinese Biological Medical Literature Database (CBM) were searched from the date of their establishment to May 2013; the literatures published in both Chinese and English reporting ongoing pregnancy, cesarean section of HIV-infected pregnant women, or formula feeding of their infants were collected. Then according to the inclusion criteria, two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted the data and assessed the quality of the included articles. Meta-analyses were conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (V2.0, Biostat, Englewood, New Jersey). Meta regression analysis was conducted to identify the source of heterogeneity. Results: Of the total 2 356 records, 61 eligible articles were finally included. The results of meta-analysis showed that nationally, the rate of pregnancy continuation rates among HIV-infected pregnant women during 2003-2011 were 67.50% (95%CI[51.73%, 80.10%]), 60.49% (95%CI[18.59%, 91.13%]), 51.80% (95%CI[28.13%, 74.68%]), 62.59% (95%CI[54.60%, 69.96%]), 64.93% (95%CI[50.18%, 77.29%]), 70.65% (95%CI[62.20%, 77.88%]), 65.66% (95%CI[59.70%, 71.16%]), 67.85% (95%CI[52.66%, 80.02%]), and 75.00% (95%CI[59.46%, 85.99%]), respectively; the caesarean section rates among these women during 2004-2010 were 26.33% (95%CI[9.41%, 55.14%]), 43.40% (95%CI[34.30%, 52.96%]), 42.57% (95%CI[35.73%, 49.70%]), 69.43% (95%CI[13.48%, 97.07%]), 46.68% (95%CI[27.27%, 67.16%]), 61.14% (95%CI[49.37%, 71.75%]) and 56.60% (95%CI[36.36%, 74.85%]), respectively; and the formula feeding rates of exposed infants were kept at relatively high levels (90.00% above) for all the years except for 2005, which was 82.65%. Conclusion: The overall rate of pregnancy continuation of HIV-infected pregnant women represents an increase in recent years in China; the cesarean section rate is high, fluctuating and increasing; the formula feeding rate of their infants keeps stable at a high level.

Assessment of ART adverse reactions and determinants at primary hospital in Ethiopia.

Background: Much progress has been made in treating HIV infection in the last several years and currently antiretroviral therapy regimens are capable of reducing viral load of undetectable level with a consequent increase in T-lymphocyte, CD4+ counts and reduction in development of opportunistic infections. Hence, a substantial reduction in HIV associated morbidity and mortality can be attained. In spite of antiretroviral therapy benefits, adverse reaction to these drugs has been pointed to as one of the main reason for discontinuation, switch and non adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective review of patient record from December 2009-Novomber 2012 was performed to determine the common adverse drug reactions in patients taking ART medications. A sample of 154 who were taking ART medications at Ambo Zonal Hospital was studied and SPSS for windows software versions-16.0 was used for data analysis. Results: A total of patients with average age of 32.5 years who are taking ART drugs for more than 6 months were studied for the prevalence of adverse reactions. The frequency of GI tract adverse reactions were found to be 75 (48.7%) followed by CNS adverse effects, 55 (35.7%) skin reactions accounted for 29 (18.8%). The least frequently occurred adverse reactions were hematologic reaction (anemia). Patients with low BMI (OR =4.09, p=0.000), having comorbidities (OR=4.566, p=0.000), low CD4+, p=0.002) and treated by TDF/3-TC/EFV (OR=2.087, p=0.001) had high risk of developing adverse drug recreations. Conclusions: BMI, the presence of other diseases, types of regimen used, duration of therapy and CD4+ lymphocyte less than 400cell/mm3 were strongly associated with the occurrence of adverse drug effects in this study.

Impact of intervention on prevention of mother-to child transmission of HIV

Background: Success in preventing HIV transmission from mother to child has been confirmed, however intervention remains difficult in both services and access barriers due to discrimination and stigma. Objectives: To clarify the HIV prevalence in pregnant women and evaluate the indicators related to the impact of intervention on prevention of mother-to child transmission of HIV. Subjects and method: This study was carried out in 5 districts in 5 provinces that implemented the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) Project. The interventions included the training to provide knowledge, skills on counseling, testing and supervision on PMTCT. The data were collected from designed-questionaires. Results:The results showed there are 100% of pregnant women that came for antenatal visits, had voluntary test counseling. The prevalence of HIV (+) among pregnant women was 0,43%. There were 57 infants born to mothers with HIV (+); received prophylaxis treatment. At the time of the study, there were 31 infants at 18 months of age that received HIV test and all of them were confirmed as negative. Conclusion: Intervention on PMTCT was effectively achieved and should be expanded nationally. Communication, counseling is very important to encourage pregnant women with HIV (+); visit for antenatal care, followed up by health facility and strict adherence to the PMCT schedule to diminish the chance of transmission to their infants.

An analysis of HIV test results among pregnant women in Henan province in 2005-2007 / 中国艾滋病性病

Objective To understand the HIV infection status among pregnant women in Henan province and provide basis for preventing mother to child transmission of AIDS.Methods The HIV-test results obtained from January 2005 to May 2007 among pregnant woman in 31 counties(districts)with relatively high HIV prevalence were analyzed.Results A total of 720 605 pregnant woman were tested for HIV antibody,of whom 541 were identified HIV positive and the HIV-positive rate was 0.08%.Of the 364 HIV positive pregnant women 223(61.26%)decided voluntarily to terminate pregnancy,while 136(37.88%)chose to continue with their pregnancy,and the proportion of HIV positive pregnant women who continued with the pregnancy in the 3 different years was 31.51%(46/146),36.31%(57/157)and 54.10%(33/61),respectively,showing an yearly rising trend.Of the 284 HIV positive mothers 250(88.03%)received PMTCT intervention.Conclusion The rate of PMTCT in HIV-positive pregnant women can be further improved by increasing HIV testing among pregnant women and HIV positive women of child bearing age and by early identifying and managing them.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a health education program based on the three-level maternal and child health care network on HIV-testing in pregnant women / 中国艾滋病性病

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a health education program based on the three level maternal and child health care networks in terms of acceptability of HIV tests in pregnant women. Methods A field study approach was adopted. Pregnant women in two sites who were similar in their social features were selected as intervention group and control group,respectively.Based on the baseline survey,the intervention group was exposed to one-year long health education activities on prevention of HIV related MTCT via lectures,broadcasting and educational materials etc.The effectiveness of the interventions was evaluated by interviewing the pregnant women in the two groups via questionnaires and comparing change of HIV test rates pre-and post-interventions. Results A total of 1 541 pregnant women were interviewed,with 933 women in the intervention group and 618 women in the control group.After one year intervention,the rate of HIV-testing during pregnancy in the intervention group was raised from 34.27% to 72.49%,while 5.83% to 20.38% in the control group.The rate of HIV-testing during pregnancy in the intervention group was 52.11% higher than in the control group (?2=24.60,P